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Nihali |
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Nihali, also known as Nahali or erroneously as Kalto, is a language isolate spoken in west-central India by around 2,000 people
(in 1991) out of an ethnic population of 5,000. The Nihali tribal area is just south of the Tapti River, around the village
of Tembi in Nimar district of Central Provinces during British Raj, now in Madhya Pradesh. The language has a very large number
of words adopted from neighboring languages, with 60-70% apparently taken from Korku (25% of vocabulary and much of its morphology),
from Dravidian languages, and from Marathi, but much of its core vocabulary cannot be related to these or other languages,
such as the numerals and words for 'blood' and 'egg'. F B J Kuiper was the first to suggest that it may be unrelated to any
other Indian language, with the non-Korku, non-Dravidian core vocabulary being the remnant of an earlier population in India.
However, he did not rule out that it may be a Munda language like Korku. The Nihali have long lived in a symbiotic but socially
inferior relationship with the Korku people, and are bilingual in Korku, with Nihali frequently spoken to prevent the Korku
from understanding them. Kuiper suggested that the differences might also be argot, such as a thieves' cant. Norman Zide described
the situation this way: Nihali's borrowings are far more massive than in such textbook examples of heavy outside acquisition
as Albanian. It seems to compare more in this repect [sic sic] to some of the more broken-down dialects of Gypsy, such as
those spoken in the United States and Western Europe. The recent history of the Nihalis includes a massacre organized by one
of the rulers in the area in the early nineteenth century, this apparently in response to their increasingly destructive marauding.
Since then, the group---decimated in size---has functioned largely as raiders and thieves, with traditional outside associates
who disposed of the stolen goods. The group has long been multilingual, and uses Nihali as a more or less secret language
which is not ordinarily revealed to outsiders. Earlier investigators attempting to learn the language were, apparently, deliberately
rebuffed or misled. The Nihali live similarly to the Kalto; this, combined with the fact that Kalto has often been called
Nihali, has led to confusion of the two languages in the literature. |
Names (more)[br] Kalteg[de] Nahali [en] Nihali language [fr] Nihali [it] Lingua nihali [ja] カルト語 [ko] 니할리어 [la] Lingua Nihali [oc] Nahali [pl] Język nihali [ru] Нихали |
Language type : Living
Technical notes
This page is providing structured data for the language Nihali. |
ISO 639 CodesISO 639-3 : nllLinked Data URIshttp://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/nllhttp://dbpedia.org/resource/ISO_639:nll More URIs at sameas.org SourcesAuthority documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nllFreebase ISO 639-3 : nll GeoNames.org Country Information Publications Office of the European Union Metadata Registry : Countries and Languages |